The science of habits

How good habits
actually form.

What research says about building habits, and about the everyday habits Aura helps with. In plain words, with the sources.

FROST Aura, the real device

Part one. How habits form.

Seven findings from habit research, and what each one means for how Aura works.

43%

Almost half your day runs on habit.

When researchers asked people what they were doing throughout the day, about 43% of what they did was done almost every day, in the same situation, often while thinking about something else.

So Aura works with habits rather than willpower, making the good ones part of your normal day.

Wendy Wood, American Psychological Association interview. Based on self-reports.

Willpower fades.

Habits outlast good intentions.

Decisions and willpower work in the short term but fade faster than habits. Under stress or when tired, people fall back on the routines they already have.

So Aura puts the cue in your surroundings, so a new habit doesn't depend on remembering it on a busy day.

Wendy Wood, APA interview

Same place.

Habits are triggered by context.

A habit is an action that a cue in your surroundings triggers automatically. The way to build one is to repeat a simple action in the same context, such as "after breakfast", until it feels effortless.

So Aura stays in one spot on your desk, where the habit happens, every day.

Gardner, Lally and Wardle, British Journal of General Practice, 2012

Cue, not alarm.

Reminders help you repeat. Cues help you keep it.

A four-week study of habit-forming apps found that phone reminders helped people repeat a task but got in the way of it becoming a habit, while cues tied to everyday events made it more automatic. A review of 115 habit apps found most focus on tracking and reminders.

So Aura is the cue, not another notification: a quiet screen beside the bottle or mug you already use.

Stawarz, Cox and Blandford, CHI 2015

If this, then that.

Tie the habit to a moment you already have.

Plans in the form "when X happens, I will do Y" had a medium-to-large effect on reaching goals across 94 tests (d = 0.65).

So Aura asks "when?" for every habit: after I wake up, after my morning coffee, when I finish work.

Gollwitzer and Sheeran, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2006

Start tiny.

After I…, I will…, then celebrate.

The Tiny Habits method anchors a very small new action to something you already do every day, then adds a small celebration straight after, so the habit feels good.

So Aura shows "Done" the moment you do it. A small win you can see.

BJ Fogg, Tiny Habits getting-started guide, Stanford

About 66 days.

Not 21. And one missed day doesn't undo it.

In a well-known study, 96 volunteers each picked a daily habit, like fruit with lunch or a run before dinner, and repeated it for 84 days. Among those whose data could be modelled, the median time for it to feel automatic was 66 days. It ranged from 18 days to a predicted 254. Missing a single day had little effect; many missed days did.

1866 days, median2540days

So Aura counts your days to 66 and never scolds. Missed one? Start again tomorrow.

Lally et al., European Journal of Social Psychology, 2010, summarised by the British Psychological Society and The Behavioral Scientist. Self-reported automaticity; a small study.

Part two. The habits.

The everyday habits Aura cues most often, and what research says about each one.

First, your attention
3×
more mistakes in one lab test

A beep pulls you out of what you're doing.

In one study, students who got a call or text during an attention test, without even looking at it, made about three times as many mistakes. In another, people who were interrupted worked faster but felt more stressed.

Aura cues on its screen, quietly. It sits in the corner of your eye, so you notice it when you're ready. Designers call this calm technology.

Sources: Stothart et al., 2015 · Mark et al., CHI 2008 · Weiser and Brown, 1995

Water
1–2%
of body weight

Mild dehydration can change how you feel.

In lab studies, young men who lost that much water reported more tiredness and tension and made more errors on attention tests. Young women in a similar study felt lower in mood, had more headaches and found tasks harder.

Habit idea: a glass after you wake up, then a sip every hour at your desk. Lift your bottle and put it back on Aura, and it's logged.

Sources: Ganio et al., British Journal of Nutrition, 2011 · Armstrong et al., Journal of Nutrition, 2012 (summary) · Daily water needs: EFSA

Breaks
22
studies reviewed

Short breaks keep your energy up.

Across 22 studies, breaks of ten minutes or less were linked to more energy and less fatigue. They didn't make people work better on every task, so think of them as looking after yourself, not a productivity hack.

Habit idea: a five-minute break between calls. Step away, refill your mug, come back.

Source: Albulescu et al., PLOS ONE, 2022 (summary)

Move
~25%
lower glucose rise

Standing up does more than stretch your legs.

In a lab study, adults who took a 2-minute light walk every 20 minutes had a smaller blood sugar rise after a meal than when they sat for 5 hours straight. That's a lab result about walking breaks, not something Aura has been tested for.

Habit idea: stand up and walk for two minutes, every 45 minutes at your desk.

Source: Dunstan et al., Diabetes Care, 2012 · 19 adults aged 45–65 with overweight or obesity.

Focus
24 + 6
minutes

A timer can make breaks easier. Coming before mass production

Students who studied in fixed blocks of 24 minutes with a 6-minute break felt less tired and distracted, and more focused and motivated, than students who took breaks whenever they felt like it. They got the same work done.

Focus sessions on Aura's screen, with the ring closing as you work.

Source: Biwer et al., British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2023 · 87 university students.

Breathe
5
minutes a day

Five minutes of slow breathing. Coming before mass production

People who did 5 minutes of "cyclic sighing" a day for a month (two breaths in through the nose, one long breath out) saw their mood improve more than a group doing mindfulness meditation.

A slow light on Aura's screen to breathe along with.

Source: Balban et al., Cell Reports Medicine, 2023 · 108 people, small exploratory trial.

A note on good vibes

And the "water vibrations"?

You may have heard that water picks up vibrations, or changes with music and kind words. There's no reliable scientific evidence for that; the experiments behind those claims were never confirmed in careful, blinded tests. Read more.

The good feeling is real, though. It comes from the habit: you stop, breathe, notice the screen and take a sip. That moment is for you.

These studies are about the habits themselves. Aura hasn't been tested for these outcomes. General information, not medical advice. Aura is a habit partner, not a medical product. If you have a heart or kidney condition, or your doctor has told you to limit fluids, follow their advice.

Sources

  1. Wood W. The science of habits. American Psychological Association, Speaking of Psychology.
  2. Gardner B, Lally P, Wardle J. Making health habitual. British Journal of General Practice, 2012.
  3. Stawarz K, Cox AL, Blandford A. Beyond self-tracking and reminders: designing smartphone apps that support habit formation. CHI 2015.
  4. Gollwitzer PM, Sheeran P. Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis. 2006.
  5. Tiny Habits getting-started guide. Stanford Medicine.
  6. British Psychological Society Research Digest on Lally P, et al. How are habits formed. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2010.
  7. The Behavioral Scientist. How long does it take to form a habit?
  8. Stothart C, et al. The attentional cost of receiving a cell phone notification. 2015 (APS summary).
  9. Mark G, Gudith D, Klocke U. The cost of interrupted work: more speed and stress. CHI 2008.
  10. Calm technology. Weiser M, Brown JS, Xerox PARC, 1995 (overview).
  11. Ganio MS, et al. Mild dehydration impairs cognitive performance and mood of men. British Journal of Nutrition, 2011.
  12. Live Science summary of Armstrong LE, et al. Journal of Nutrition, 2012.
  13. European Food Safety Authority. Dietary reference values for water.
  14. ScienceDaily summary of Albulescu P, et al. Micro-breaks meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 2022.
  15. Dunstan DW, et al. Breaking up prolonged sitting. Diabetes Care, 2012.
  16. Biwer F, et al. Comparing Pomodoro breaks and self-regulated breaks. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2023.
  17. Balban MY, et al. Brief structured respiration practices. Cell Reports Medicine, 2023.
  18. Skeptoid. Masaru Emoto and the water crystal claims.